# Educator's Guide to Robotic Spacecraft

Courtesy of the Jet Propulsion Laboratory

## Robots: Like Us!

Spacecraft are complex, technological objects that have to function far from Earth in the harsh environment of space. They collect science data and send it to Earth. But, as strange as they appear to be, it can help to understand them if we compare spacecraft to ourselves!

Think of the spacecraft as a living organism. As a lesson, this can be done in either of two directions. If the students are familiar with spacecraft they can be prompted with body parts and attempt to identify the analogous spacecraft part.

This will work well if the students have a high quality picture of a modern spacecraft. Pictures of planetary spacecraft work the best since they have the least amount of their equipment hidden or encased in the body of the spacecraft.

In the other direction, the students can be prompted with spacecraft parts and challenged to identify the relative anatomical part. This can lead to interesting discussions and differences of opinion ('Is electrical wiring more like blood vessels or nerves?').

The list below is not exhaustive but it sets the stage for a good follow-on activity. Identify a mission and a destination for a spacecraft and have teams of students design the spacecraft. They must be sure that the spacecraft has all the correct parts to fulfill critical functions. (It cannot have solar panels if it is going to Neptune, but it can have radioisotope thermoelectric generators (RTGs) if it is going to Mercury; however, including both takes up critical weight).

Keep in mind, landers and "rovers" are spacecraft too. Rovers require ways to move and navigate.

We human beings are built, and have to do certain things, to remain alive. The same is true for spacecraft.

    Humans:     Food/Water
    Spacecraft: Solar panels (sunlight), radioisotope thermoelectric
                generators (heat from the decay of radioactive
                material; necessary in the weak lighting far from the
                Sun), or batteries (stored energy)

    Humans:     Body/Torso
    Spacecraft: "Bus" (The housing that holds the spacecraft
                components and to which other devices are attached)

    Humans:     Brain
    Spacecraft: Computer(s)

    Humans:     Nerves
    Spacecraft: Electrical wiring

    Humans:     Skin
    Spacecraft: Blankets (for temperature control [the spacecraft can
                not sweat but it can have radiators or louvers to get
                rid of excess heat] and meteorite protection)

    Humans:     Legs
    Spacecraft: Rocket motors, fuel tanks (Because objects in motion
                tend to remain in motion, most spacecraft do not need
                to constantly burn fuel to move; their small rockets
                [thrusters] are used to change their orientation in
                space; a small amount of fuel lasts many years)

    Humans:     Blood vessels
    Spacecraft: Fuel lines

    Humans:     Arms
    Spacecraft: Booms

Spacecraft also have sense organs to explore the places that they visit. They must communicate the data back to Earth and receive new instructions.

    Humans:     Eyes (sense organs)
    Spacecraft: Camera(s), spectrometers, magnetometers, other
                science instruments

    Humans:     Neck
    Spacecraft: Scan platform (which pivots around so that the
                instruments can point in the desired direction
                without reorienting the whole spacecraft)

    Humans:     Ears/mouth
    Spacecraft: Communications antenna(e) (and receivers and
                transmitters)

Can you think of any other comparisons?

Lesson Plans and Activities